Alkaline batteries - voltages, sizes, specifications

The popular name for this type of battery comes from the alkaline solutions used in them as an electrolyte. Introduced to the market in the early 1960s, alkaline batteries quickly gained popularity, becoming the main competitor to zinc-carbon batteries - this trend has been especially noticeable recently, with the increasing popularity of high-power devices.

model symbol	specification
	voltage [V]	height [mm]	diameter / dimensions [mm]
AAA Batteries - LR03	1.5	44.5	10.5
AA Batteries - LR6	1.5	50.5	14.5
C Batteries - LR14	1.5	50	26.2
D Batteries - LR20	1.5	61.5	34.2
6LR61 Batteries (9V)	9	48.5	26.5 x 13.1
3LR12 Batteries (flat)	4.5	67	67 x 22

Basic facts:

• anode: powdered zinc
• cathode: powdered manganese dioxide (MnO2)
• electrolyte: potassium hydroxide (KOH)
• applications: devices with medium current consumption (100-300mA) - portable tape recorders, portable CD players, flashlights, cameras; devices with high current consumption (above 300mA) - electronic notebooks, cordless phones, shavers, electronic games, digital cameras

Alkaline batteries have better parameters than zinc-carbon batteries - higher energy density, longer shelf life, leak resistance, better performance both in continuous and intermittent use, lower internal resistance allowing for higher power draw and operation over a wider temperature range.

Alkaline batteries contain powdered zinc - this increases the surface area of the anode, allowing for greater interaction between molecules. This reduces the internal resistance of the battery and increases energy density. Synthetic manganese dioxide is used, which has better parameters than naturally occurring MnO2 - this increases energy density. Similar to zinc-carbon batteries, graphite is added to the cathode to increase its conductivity. The electrolyte (KOH) provides increased ion conductivity. Often, zinc oxide is added to slow down the corrosion of the zinc anode.

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